I believe the tip you provided is for opening files from Windows Explorer, where the extension based file associations kick in. These are managed through the Default Applications panel.
When I follow the directions there, I can get PowerPoint 2011 for Mac to open PPTX files from Windows Explorer.
BUT, the problem continues to be there for when a PPTX file is downloaded on Firefox. Even when I choose Default Host Application, Firefox doesn't do anything. I see the hourglass for a split milisecond, but then the files does NOT open in PowerPoint 2011 for Mac.
I bet the issue is the same. Firefox passes a short path name to the Default Host Application component (i.e.g, I guess VMwareHostOpen.exe?), and that guy can't open a file with a short path name in it.